Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: What You Need to Know

1. Why Get Vaccinated?

Pneumococcal disease is a serious disease that causes sickness and death. In fact, it is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. (Meningitis is a serious infection of the covering of the brain).

Each year pneumococcal disease causes in children under five:

17,000 cases of invasive disease, including 700 cases of meningitis

About 5 million ear infections

About 200 deaths

It can also lead to other health problems, including:

Pneumonia

Deafness

Brain damage

Children under 2 years old are at highest risk for serious disease.

Pneumococcus bacteria are spread from person to person through close contact.

Pneumococcal infections can be hard to treat because some bacteria have become resistant to drugs that have been used to treat them. This makes prevention of the disease even more important.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can prevent serious pneumococcal disease, such as meningitis and blood infections. It also prevents some ear infections. But ear infections have many causes, and pneumococcal vaccine is effective against only some of them.

2. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is approved for infants and toddlers. Protection lasts at least 3 years, so children who are vaccinated as infants will be protected when they are at greatest risk for serious disease.

Some older children and adults may get a different vaccine called pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. There is a separate Vaccine Information Statement for people getting the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

3. Who Should Get the Vaccine and When?

Children under 2 years of age:

2 months

4 months

6 months

12-15 months

Children who weren't vaccinated at these ages can still get the vaccine. The number of doses needed depends on the child's age. Ask your health care provider for details.

Children between 2 and 5 years of age:

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is also recommended for children between 2 and 5 years old who have not already gotten the vaccine and are at high risk of serious pneumococcal disease. This includes children who:

Have sickle cell disease,

Have a damaged spleen or no spleen,

Have HIV/AIDS,

Have other diseases that affect the immune system, such as diabetes, cancer, or liver disease, or

Take medications that affect the immune system, such as chemotherapy or steroids.

Other children who are at increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease include those who:

Are under 3 years of age,

Are of Alaska Native, American Indian or African American descent, or

Attend group day care.

The number of doses needed depends on the child's age. Ask your health care provider for more details.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may be given at the same time as other routine childhood vaccines.

4. Some Children Should Not Get Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine or

Should Wait

Children should not get pneumococcal conjugate vaccine if they had a severe (life-threatening) allergic reaction to a previous dose of this vaccine, or have a severe allergy to a vaccine component. Tell your health-care provider if your child has ever had a severe reaction to any vaccine, or has any severe allergies.

Children with minor illnesses, such as a cold, may be vaccinated.

But children who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting the vaccine.

5. What Are the Risks From Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine?

In clinical trials (nearly 60,000 doses), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was associated with only mild reactions:

Up to about 1 infant out of 4 had redness, tenderness, or swelling where the shot was given.

About 1 out of 3 had a fever of over 100.4 deg.F, and up to about 1 in 50 had a higher fever (over 102.2 deg.F).

Some children also became fussy or drowsy, or had a loss of appetite.

So far, no moderate or severe reactions have been associated with this vaccine. However, a vaccine, like any medicine, could cause serious problems, such as a severe allergic reaction. The risk of this vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small.

6. What If There Is a Moderate or Severe Reaction?

What Should I Look For?

Look for any unusual condition, such as a serious allergic reaction, high fever, or unusual behavior.

Serious allergic reactions are extremely rare with any vaccine. If one were to occur, it would be within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot. Signs can include difficulty breathing, hoarseness or wheezing, hives, paleness, weakness, a fast heart beat, dizziness, and swelling of the throat.

What Should I Do?

Call a doctor or get the person to a doctor right away.

Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it happened, and when the vaccination was given.

Ask your health care provider to file a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form, or call VAERS yourself at 1-800-822-7967.

7. The Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

In the rare event that you or your child has a serious reaction to a vaccine, a federal program has been created to help pay for the care of those who have been harmed.

For details about the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program,

call 1-800-338-2382 or visit their website at <A HREF="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/vicp">http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/

vicp</A>

8. How Can I Learn More?

Ask your doctor or nurse. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information.

Call your local or state health department's immunization program.

Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

--Call 1-800-232-2522 (English) or 1-800-232-0233 (Espanol)

--Visit the National Immunization Program's website at <A HREF="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.cdc.gov/nip">http://www.cdc.gov/nip

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization ProgramVaccine Information Statement

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

(00/00/0000) (Proposed)

42 U.S.C. 300aa-26

Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccines: What You Need To Know

1. Why Get Vaccinated?

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are serious diseases caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from person to person. Tetanus enters the body through cuts or wounds.

Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat.

It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and even death.

Tetanus (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body.

It can lead to ``locking'' of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 3 out of 10

cases.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. These spells can last for weeks.

It can lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring spells), brain damage, and death.

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP) can prevent these diseases. Most children who are vaccinated with DTaP will be protected throughout childhood. Many more children would get these diseases if we stopped vaccinating.

DTaP is a safer version of an older vaccine called DTP. DTP is no longer used in the United States.

2. Who Should Get DTaP Vaccine and When?

Children should get 5 doses of DTaP vaccine, one dose at each of

the following ages:

--2 months

--4 months

--6 months

--15-18 months

--4-6 years

DTaP may be given at the same time as other vaccines.

3. Some Children Should Not Get DTaP Vaccine or Should Wait

Any child who has had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of DTaP should not get any more doses.

Any child who suffered a brain or nervous system disease within 7 days after a dose of DTaP should not get any more doses.

Talk with your doctor if your child:

--Had a seizure or collapsed after a previous dose of DTaP,

--Cried non-stop for 3 hours or more after a previous dose of DTaP,

--Had a high fever (over 105 deg.F) after a previous dose of DTaP.

Children who are moderately or severely ill at the time the shot is scheduled should usually wait until they recover before getting DTaP vaccine.

Ask your health care provider for more information. Children who should not get the pertussis part of the vaccine can get a vaccine called DT, which doesn't contain pertussis.

4. Older Children and Adults

DTaP should not be given to anyone 7 years of age or older.

Pertussis can still strike older children, adolescents, and adults, but the pertussis vaccine is currently licensed only for children under 7.

Adolescents and adults still need protection from tetanus and diphtheria. A booster shot called Td is recommended at 11-12 years of age. It should be repeated every 10 years. There is a separate Vaccine Information Statement for Td vaccine.

5. What Are the Risks From DTaP Vaccine?

Getting diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis disease is much riskier than getting DTaP vaccine. However, a vaccine, like any medicine, is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions.

The risk of DTaP vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small.

Mild Problems (Common)

Fever (up to about 1 child in 4)

Redness or swelling where the shot was given (up to about 1 child in 4)

Soreness or tenderness where the shot was given (up to about 1 child in 4)

These problems occur more often after the 4th and 5th doses of the DTaP series than after earlier doses.

Another mild problem is swelling of the arm or leg in which the shot was given, after the 4th or 5th dose (up to about 1 child in 30).

Other mild problems include:

Fussiness (up to about 1 child in 3)

Tiredness or poor appetite (up to about 1 child in 10)

Vomiting (up to about 1 child in 50)

These problems generally occur 1-3 days after the shot.

Moderate Problems (Uncommon)

Seizure (jerking or staring) (about 1 child out of 14,000)

Non-stop crying, for 3 hours or more (up to about 1 child out of 1,000)

High fever, over 105 deg.F (about 1 child out of 16,000)

Severe Problems (Very Rare)

Serious allergic reaction (less than 1 out of a million doses)

Several other severe problems have been reported after DTaP vaccine. These include:

--Long-term seizures, coma, or lowered consciousness

--Permanent brain damage.

These are so rare it is hard to tell if they are caused by the vaccine.

Controlling fever is especially important for children who have had seizures, for any reason. It is also important if another family member has had seizures.

You can reduce fever and pain by giving your child an aspirin-free pain reliever when the shot is given, and for the next 24 hours, following the package instructions.

6. What If There Is a Moderate or Severe Reaction?

What Should I Look For?

Any unusual conditions, such as a serious allergic reaction, high fever or behavior changes. Signs of a serious allergic reaction include difficulty breathing, hoarseness or wheezing, hives, paleness, weakness, a fast heart beat or dizziness within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot. If a high fever or seizure occurs, it is usually within 2 weeks after the shot.

What Should I Do?

Call a doctor, or get the person to a doctor right away.

Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it happened, and when the vaccination was given.

Ask your doctor, nurse, or health department to file a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form, or call VAERS yourself at 1-800-822-7967.

7. The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

In the rare event that you or your child has a serious reaction to a vaccine, a federal program has been created to help pay for the care of those who have been harmed.

For details about the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, call 1-800-338-2382 or visit the program's website at <A HREF="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/vicp">http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/vicp</A>

8. How Can I Learn More?

Ask your health care provider. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information.

Call your local or state health department's immunization program.

Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

--Call 1-800-232-2522 (English)

--Call 1-800-232-0233 (Espanol)

--Visit the National Immunization Program's website at <A HREF="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.cdc.gov/nip">http://www.cdc.gov/nip

Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program Vaccine Information StatementDTaP

(00/00/0000) (Proposed)

42 U.S.C. 300aa-26

Hepatitis B Vaccine: What You Need To Know

1. Why Get Vaccinated?

Hepatitis B Is a Serious Disease

The hepatitis B virus can cause short-term (acute) illness that leads to:

Loss of appetite

Diarrhea and vomiting

Tiredness

Jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)

Pain in muscles, joints, and stomach

It can also cause long-term (chronic) illness that leads to:

Liver damage (cirrhosis)

Liver cancer

Death

About 1.25 million people in the U.S. have chronic hepatitis B virus infection. If you are infected as a young child, you are much more likely to develop chronic illness.

Each year it is estimated that:

200,000 people, mostly young adults, get infected with hepatitis B virus

More than 11,000 people have to stay in the hospital because of hepatitis B

4,000 to 5,000 people die from chronic hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B. It is the first anti-cancer vaccine because it can prevent a form of liver cancer.

2. How Is Hepatitis B Virus Spread?

Hepatitis B virus is spread through contact with the blood and body fluids of an infected person.

A person can get infected in several ways, such as:

During birth when the virus passes from an infected mother to

her baby

By having sex with an infected person

By injecting illegal drugs

By being stuck with a used needle on the job

By sharing personal items, such as a razor or toothbrush with an infected person

People can get hepatitis B infection without knowing how they got it. About \1/3\ of hepatitis B cases in the United States have an unknown source.

3. Who Should Get Hepatitis B Vaccine and When?

(1) Everyone 18 years of age and younger

(2) Adults over 18 who are at risk

Adults at risk for hepatitis B infection include people who have more than one sex partner, men who have sex with other men, injection drug users, health care workers, and others who might be exposed to infected blood or body fluids.

If you are not sure whether you are at risk, ask your doctor or nurse.

People should get 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine according to the following schedule. If you miss a dose or get behind schedule, get the next dose as soon as you can. There is no need to start over.

Hepatitis B Vaccination Schedule

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Who?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

When? Infant whose mother is Infant whose mother is

infected with hepatitis not infected with Older child,

B virus hepatitis B virus adolescent, or adult

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

First Dose........................... Within 12 hours of Birth-2 months of age.. Any time.

birth.

Second Dose.......................... 1-2 months of age...... 1-4 months of age (At 1-2 months after first

least 1 month after dose.

first dose).

Third Dose........................... 6 months of age........ 6-18 months of age..... 4-6 months after first

dose.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The second dose must be given at least 1 month after the first dose.

The third dose must be given at least 2 months after the second dose and at least 4 months after the first.

The third dose should not be given to infants younger than 6 months of age.

Adolescents 11 to 15 years of age may need only two doses of hepatitis B vaccine, separated by 4-6 months. Ask your health care provider for details.

Hepatitis B vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.

4. Some People Should Not Get Hepatitis B Vaccine or Should Wait

People should not get hepatitis B vaccine if they have ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to baker's yeast (the kind used for making bread) or to a previous dose of hepatitis B vaccine.

People who are moderately or severely ill at the time the shot is scheduled should usually wait until they recover before getting hepatitis B vaccine.

Ask your doctor or nurse for more information.

5. What Are the Risks From Hepatitis B Vaccine?

A vaccine, like any medicine, is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of a vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small.

Getting hepatitis B vaccine is much safer than getting hepatitis B disease.

Most people who get hepatitis B vaccine do not have any problems with it.

Mild Problems

Soreness where the shot was given, lasting a day or two (up to 1 out of 11 children and adolescents, and about 1 out of 4 adults)

Mild to moderate fever (up to 1 out of 14 children and adolescents and 1 out of 100 adults)

Severe Problems

Serious allergic reaction (very rare)

6. What If There Is a Moderate or Severe Reaction?

What Should I Look For?

Any unusual condition, such as a serious allergic reaction, high

fever or behavior changes. Signs of a serious allergic reaction can include difficulty breathing, hoarseness or wheezing, hives, paleness, weakness, a fast heart beat or dizziness. If such a reaction were to occur, it would be within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot.

What Should I Do?

Call a doctor or get the person to a doctor right away.

Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it happened, and when the vaccination was given.

Ask your doctor, nurse, or health department to file a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form, or call VAERS yourself at 1-800-822-7967.

7. The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

In the rare event that you or your child has a serious reaction to a vaccine, a federal program has been created to help pay for the care of those who have been harmed.

For details about the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, call 1-800-338-2382 or visit the program's website at <A HREF="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/vicp">http://www.hrsa.gov/bhpr/vicp</A>

8. How Can I Learn More?

Ask your doctor or nurse. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information.

Call your local or state health department's immunization program.

Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

--Call 1-800-232-2522 or 1-888-443-7232 (English)

--Call 1-800-232-0233 (Espanol)

-

www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis</A>

Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program Vaccine Information Statement Hepatitis B

(00/00/0000) (Proposed)

42 U.S.C. 300aa-26

Dated: February 28, 2001.

Joseph R. Carter,

Associate Director for Management and Operations, Centers for Disease